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The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying policy procedures caused economic disturbance so stark that sophisticated statistical approaches were unneeded for many concerns. For instance, unemployment jumped dramatically in the early weeks of the pandemic, leaving little room for alternative descriptions. The effects of AI, however, may be less like COVID and more like the internet or trade with China.
One typical approach is to compare outcomes in between basically AI-exposed employees, companies, or markets, in order to isolate the impact of AI from confounding forces. 2 Exposure is usually specified at the job level: AI can grade homework however not manage a class, for instance, so teachers are thought about less exposed than employees whose whole task can be performed remotely.
3 Our method integrates information from three sources. The O * internet database, which enumerates tasks connected with around 800 distinct occupations in the US.Our own usage information (as measured in the Anthropic Economic Index). Task-level exposure quotes from Eloundou et al. (2023 ), which determine whether it is in theory possible for an LLM to make a task a minimum of twice as quick.
Some jobs that are theoretically possible might not reveal up in use since of design restrictions. Eloundou et al. mark "License drug refills and offer prescription information to drug stores" as completely exposed (=1).
As Figure 1 shows, 97% of the tasks observed across the previous four Economic Index reports fall into classifications rated as in theory possible by Eloundou et al. (=0.5 or =1.0). This figure reveals Claude usage dispersed throughout O * internet jobs grouped by their theoretical AI exposure. Jobs rated =1 (completely possible for an LLM alone) represent 68% of observed Claude use, while tasks ranked =0 (not feasible) account for just 3%.
Our brand-new measure, observed direct exposure, is meant to measure: of those jobs that LLMs could theoretically accelerate, which are actually seeing automated use in professional settings? Theoretical capability incorporates a much wider series of tasks. By tracking how that space narrows, observed exposure offers insight into financial modifications as they emerge.
A job's exposure is greater if: Its jobs are in theory possible with AIIts jobs see considerable use in the Anthropic Economic Index5Its jobs are carried out in work-related contextsIt has a reasonably higher share of automated usage patterns or API implementationIts AI-impacted jobs make up a larger share of the overall role6We provide mathematical information in the Appendix.
The task-level protection measures are balanced to the occupation level weighted by the fraction of time spent on each job. The procedure shows scope for LLM penetration in the bulk of jobs in Computer & Math (94%) and Workplace & Admin (90%) professions.
Claude presently covers just 33% of all tasks in the Computer & Mathematics category. There is a large uncovered area too; many tasks, of course, stay beyond AI's reachfrom physical agricultural work like pruning trees and operating farm machinery to legal jobs like representing clients in court.
In line with other data showing that Claude is thoroughly used for coding, Computer Programmers are at the top, with 75% protection, followed by Client service Agents, whose primary tasks we progressively see in first-party API traffic. Lastly, Data Entry Keyers, whose primary job of reading source documents and entering information sees substantial automation, are 67% covered.
At the bottom end, 30% of employees have no coverage, as their jobs appeared too occasionally in our information to meet the minimum threshold. This group consists of, for example, Cooks, Motorcycle Mechanics, Lifeguards, Bartenders, Dishwashers, and Dressing Room Attendants. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes regular employment forecasts, with the current set, released in 2025, covering predicted changes in employment for every profession from 2024 to 2034.
A regression at the occupation level weighted by current employment finds that growth projections are somewhat weaker for tasks with more observed exposure. For every 10 portion point increase in coverage, the BLS's development forecast drops by 0.6 portion points. This supplies some validation in that our steps track the separately derived price quotes from labor market experts, although the relationship is slight.
measure alone. Binned scatterplot with 25 equally-sized bins. Each solid dot shows the average observed exposure and projected employment modification for one of the bins. The dashed line shows an easy linear regression fit, weighted by present work levels. The small diamonds mark specific example professions for illustration. Figure 5 programs characteristics of workers in the top quartile of exposure and the 30% of employees with absolutely no direct exposure in the three months before ChatGPT was released, August to October 2022, utilizing data from the Existing Population Survey.
The more exposed group is 16 portion points most likely to be female, 11 percentage points most likely to be white, and nearly two times as most likely to be Asian. They earn 47% more, on average, and have greater levels of education. For example, individuals with graduate degrees are 4.5% of the unexposed group, but 17.4% of the most revealed group, a nearly fourfold distinction.
Brynjolfsson et al.
Economic Frameworks for Multinational Enterprises( 2022) and Hampole et al. (2025) use job posting task publishing Information Glass (now Lightcast) and Revelio, respectively. We focus on joblessness as our top priority outcome because it most directly catches the capacity for economic harma employee who is out of work desires a task and has not yet discovered one. In this case, task posts and employment do not always signify the requirement for policy responses; a decline in job posts for an extremely exposed role may be neutralized by increased openings in an associated one.
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